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In the nineteenth through the mid-twentieth centuries, American physicians treated women and girls for masturbation by removing the clitoris (clitoridectomy) or clitoral hood (female circumcision). During this same time, and continuing to today, physicians also performed female circumcision to enable women to reach orgasm. While the opposite purposes of these clitoral surgeries (to either contain a perceived excessive sexuality or to remedy a perceived lack of sexual responsiveness) may seem paradoxical, their use reflects a consistent medical conception of the clitoris as a sexual organ. In recent years both the popular media and academics have commented on the rising popularity in the United States of female genital cosmetic surgeries, including female circumcision, yet these discussions often assume such surgeries are new. In Female Circumcision and Clitoridectomy in the United States: A History of a Medical Treatment, Sarah Rodriguez presents an engaging and surprising history of surgeries on the clitoris, revealing what the therapeutic use of clitoridectomy and female circumcision tells us about changing (and not so changing) medical ideas concerning the female body and female sexuality. Sarah B. Rodriguez teaches at Northwestern University in the Medical Humanities and Bioethics Program and in the Global Health Studies Program.

Clitoris --- Female circumcision --- Surgery --- Circumcision, Female --- Clitoridotomy --- Female genital cutting --- Female genital modification --- Female genital mutilation --- FGC (Female genital cutting) --- FGM (Female genital mutilation) --- Genital cutting, Female --- Genital mutilation, Female --- Mutilation, Female genital --- Body marking --- Initiation rites --- Vulva

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Weibliche Genitalbeschneidung ist ein Phänomen, das aus verschiedenen Perspektiven betrachtet unterschiedliche Reaktionen hervorruft. Wie erleben betroffene Frauen mit somalischer Herkunft die Praktik im Kontext von Migration? Und welchen Blick haben Fachkräfte der Sozialen Arbeit und migrierte somalische Männer auf weibliche Genitalbeschneidung? Insgesamt wird deutlich, dass die Perspektive betroffener Frauen und Männer in der Sozialen Arbeit in Zukunft deutlich mehr berücksichtigt werden muss. Female circumcision is a phenomenon that causes different reactions from different perspectives. How do Somali women experience the practice in the context of migration? And what view do social workers and migrated Somali men have of female circumcision? Overall, it is clarified that the perspective of affected women and men in social work will have to be given much more future consideration. So unterschiedlich die Persönlichkeiten und Biographien der GesprächspartnerInnen, so vielfältig sind deren Aussagen. Dennoch wird klar: Nachwievor sind Hebammen und GynäkologInnen zu wenig über weibliche Genitalbeschneidung informiert und verhalten sich Betroffenen gegenüber all zu oft unangemessen, ja herablassend. Aber eine maßgebende Voraussetzung für die Akzeptanz von Aufklärungsbemühungen ist ein offener, wertschätzender Kontakt auf Augenhöhe. frauenrechte.de, 01/2016

Gender studies: women --- Female circumcision --- Circumcision, Female --- Clitoridotomy --- Female genital cutting --- Female genital modification --- Female genital mutilation --- FGC (Female genital cutting) --- FGM (Female genital mutilation) --- Genital cutting, Female --- Genital mutilation, Female --- Mutilation, Female genital --- Body marking --- Clitoris --- Initiation rites --- Surgery --- circumcision --- Female Genital Mutilation --- Migration --- Normativity --- Normativität --- Somalia --- Weibliche Genitalverstümmelung --- Weibliche Genitalverstümmelung --- Normativität

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Female "circumcision" or, more precisely, female genital cutting (FGC), remains an important cultural practice in many African countries, often serving as a coming-of-age ritual. It is also a practice that has generated international dispute and continues to be at the center of debates over women's rights, the limits of cultural pluralism, the balance of power between local cultures, international human rights, and feminist activism. In our increasingly globalized world, these practices have also begun immigrating to other nations, where transnational complexities vex debates about how to resolve the issue. Bringing together thirteen essays, Transcultural Bodies provides an ethnographically rich exploration of FGC among African diasporas in the United Kingdom, Europe, and Australia. Contributors analyze changes in ideologies of gender and sexuality in immigrant communities, the frequent marginalization of African women's voices in debates over FGC, and controversies over legislation restricting the practice in immigrant populations.

Infibulation. --- Female circumcision. --- Labiorrhapy --- Female circumcision --- Vulva --- Circumcision, Female --- Clitoridotomy --- Female genital cutting --- Female genital modification --- Female genital mutilation --- FGC (Female genital cutting) --- FGM (Female genital mutilation) --- Genital cutting, Female --- Genital mutilation, Female --- Mutilation, Female genital --- Body marking --- Clitoris --- Initiation rites --- Surgery --- Female genital mutilation.

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Abused women --- African American women --- Female circumcision --- Women immigrants --- Immigrant women --- Immigrants --- Circumcision, Female --- Clitoridotomy --- Female genital cutting --- Female genital modification --- Female genital mutilation --- FGC (Female genital cutting) --- FGM (Female genital mutilation) --- Genital cutting, Female --- Genital mutilation, Female --- Mutilation, Female genital --- Body marking --- Clitoris --- Initiation rites --- Afro-American women --- Women, African American --- Women, Negro --- Women --- Battered women --- Victims of crimes --- Battered woman syndrome --- Surgery --- Africa. --- Eastern Hemisphere --- Africa

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Comparative literature --- Thematology --- Africa --- African literature --- Female circumcision in literature. --- Female circumcision --- Literature, Experimental --- Women and literature --- Women in literature. --- Women authors --- History and criticism. --- History --- Female circumcision in literature --- Women in literature --- Woman (Christian theology) in literature --- Women in drama --- Women in poetry --- Avant-garde literature --- Experimental literature --- Avant-garde (Aesthetics) --- Modernism (Literature) --- Literary style --- Circumcision, Female --- Clitoridotomy --- Female genital cutting --- Female genital modification --- Female genital mutilation --- FGC (Female genital cutting) --- FGM (Female genital mutilation) --- Genital cutting, Female --- Genital mutilation, Female --- Mutilation, Female genital --- Body marking --- Clitoris --- Initiation rites --- Black literature (African) --- Authors, African --- Women authors&delete& --- History and criticism --- Surgery